Crim • Crim

Contents

Contents

i

ii

Editorial Advisors

iv

v

Dedication Page

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

Half Title Page

PART I - Basic Elements of Criminality

3

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Criminal Process

3

A.

3

1.

Criminal Complaint and Investigation

4

2.

5

3.

Indictment and Preliminary Hearings

5

4.

6

5.

7

6.

7

B.

7

1.

The Presumption of Innocence

7

Owens v. State

11

Notes & Questions on the Presumption of Innocence

12

2.

Jury Nullification

12

State v. Ragland

17

Notes & Questions on Jury Nullification

20

C.

How to Read a Penal Statute

20

❧ Material elements of the offense

22

❧ Canons of interpretation

25

Chapter 2 Punishment

25

A.

25

1.

Deterrence, Incapacitation, and Rehabilitation

26

2.

Retributivism or “Just Deserts”

27

3.

27

B.

27

1.

27

United States v. Brewer

31

Notes & Questions on Deterrence

35

2.

35

United States v. Madoff

39

Notes & Questions on Retributivism

41

3.

Shaming Penalties

41

United States v. Gementera

49

Notes & Questions on Shaming Penalties

50

C.

Practice & Policy

50

❧ Appealing to emotion

50

❧ The guilt paradox

51

❧ Victim impact statements

52

❧ Sentencing guidelines

53

❧ Consistency in punishment

53

❧ International crimes

54

❧ Consecutive versus concurrent sentences

55

Chapter 3 The Death Penalty

55

A.

55

1.

Who Can Be Executed

56

2.

Which Crimes Apply

56

3.

Racial Disparities

56

4.

Methods of Execution

57

B.

57

1.

Mental Disability

57

Atkins v. Virginia

61

2.

The Juvenile Death Penalty

62

Roper v. Simmons

66

Notes & Questions on Atkins and Roper

67

3.

Capital Punishment for Rape

67

Kennedy v. Louisiana

73

Notes & Questions on Offense Restrictions

74

4.

Racial Disparities

75

McCleskey v. Kemp

79

5.

Methods of Execution

79

Glossip v. Gross

84

Notes & Questions on Execution Methods

86

C.

Practice & Policy

86

❧ Bargaining in the shadow of death

87

❧ Return to guided discretion

88

❧ Strategy in bifurcated trials

88

❧ Ariel Castro case redux

89

Chapter 4 Fundamental Principles of Criminal Law

89

A.

90

1.

The Written Statute Requirement

90

2.

90

3.

Interpreting Statutes and the Common Law

91

4.

91

5.

The Rule of Lenity

92

B.

92

1.

The Written Statute Requirement

92

Street v. State

95

Notes & Questions on Written Statutes

96

2.

96

Rogers v. Tennessee

Notes & Questions on Retroactivity

3.

Statutory Construction and the Common Law

Lewis v. Superior Court

Notes & Questions on Statutory Construction

4.

City of Chicago v. Morales

Notes & Questions on Vagueness

5.

The Rule of Lenity

Bell v. United States

Notes & Questions on Lenity

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Disorderly conduct

❧ Endangering the welfare of a child

Chapter 5 Act Requirement

A.

1.

2.

3.

B.

1.

State v. Utter

Notes & Questions on Voluntariness

2.

Commonwealth v. Pestinikas

Notes & Questions on Omissions

3.

State v. Davis

Notes & Questions on Bystander Liability

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ The omission strategy

❧ Sleepwalking redux

Chapter 6 Mental States

A.

1.

2.

Acting Purposely

3.

Acting Knowingly

4.

Recklessness and Negligence

5.

Strict Liability Offenses

B.

1.

Young v. State

Notes & Questions on Malice

2.

Acting Purposely

United States v. Bailey

Notes & Questions on Purpose and Intent

3.

Knowledge and the Problem of “Willful Blindness”

United States v. Jewell

Notes & Questions on Willful Blindness

4.

Recklessness Versus Negligence

State v. Olsen

Notes & Questions on Recklessness and Negligence

5.

Strict Liability

Staples v. United States

Questions on Strict Liability

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Prosecutorial strategy

❧ Strategic charging

❧ Mental states as sorting mechanisms

❧ Mental states in foreign jurisdictions

Chapter 7 Mistakes

A.

1.

Mistakes of Fact

2.

Mistakes of Law

B.

1.

Mistakes of Fact

People v. Navarro

State v. Sexton

Notes & Questions on Mistakes of Fact

2.

Mistakes of Law

People v. Weiss

People v. Marrero

Notes & Questions on Mistakes of Law

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ The dangers of relying on mistake arguments

❧ Charging a jury on mistakes

❧ Reasonableness redux

Chapter 8 Causation

A.

1.

2.

Proximate Cause

B.

1.

Oxendine v. State

People v. Jennings

Notes & Questions on But-For Causation

2.

Proximate Cause

State v. Smith

Notes & Questions on Proximate Cause

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Establishing causation at trial

❧ Arguing proximate cause to a jury

❧ The Model Penal Code approach

PART II - Offenses

Chapter 9 Intentional Murder

A.

1.

Express Malice Murder

2.

First-Degree or Aggravated Murder

3.

Defining Premeditation and Deliberation

B.

1.

Express Malice Murder

Taylor v. State

Notes & Questions on Malice

2.

State v. Guthrie

Notes & Questions on Premeditation and Deliberation

3.

Instantaneous Premeditation

Commonwealth v. Carroll

Notes & Questions on Instantaneous Premeditation

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Proving premeditation

❧ Hierarchy of blameworthiness

Chapter 10 Voluntary Manslaughter

A.

1.

2.

Extreme Emotional Disturbance

B.

1.

Girouard v. State

State v. Castagna

Notes & Questions on Provocation

2.

Extreme Emotional Disturbance

State v. White

Notes & Questions on Extreme Emotional Disturbance

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Provocation as partial justification

❧ Provocation as partial excuse

❧ Arguing provocation to the jury

❧ Domestic violence and adultery

❧ Abolishing provocation

Chapter 11 Reckless Killings

A.

1.

Involuntary Manslaughter

2.

Implied Malice and Extreme Indifference Murder

3.

Misdemeanor Manslaughter Rule

B.

1.

Involuntary Manslaughter

People v. Kolzow

Notes & Questions on Involuntary Manslaughter

2.

Implied Malice and Extreme Indifference Murder

People v. Knoller

People v. Snyder

Notes on Implied Malice and Depraved Indifference

3.

Misdemeanor Manslaughter Rule

State v. Biechele

Notes & Questions on Misdemeanor Manslaughter

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Murder and mens rea

❧ Murder and sentencing

❧ Compromise verdicts

❧ New York courts respond

Chapter 12 Felony Murder

A.

1.

Independent Felony or “Merger” Limitation

2.

Inherently Dangerous Felony Limitation

3.

In Furtherance of the Felony Limitation

B.

1.

Independent Felony or “Merger” Limitation

People v. Sarun Chun

Notes & Questions on the Merger Limitation

2.

Inherently Dangerous Felony Limitation

People v. Howard

State v. Stewart

Notes & Questions on Inherent Dangerousness

3.

In Furtherance of the Felony Limitation

People v. Hernandez

State v. Sophophone

Notes & Questions on “In Furtherance”

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ The Model Penal Code approach

❧ Felony murder in the United States

❧ Normative foundation

Chapter 13 Negligent Homicide

A.

1.

Ordinary Negligence

2.

Gross Negligence

B.

1.

Ordinary Negligence

People v. Traughber

Notes & Questions on Ordinary Negligence

2.

Gross Negligence

State v. Small

Notes & Questions on Gross Negligence

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Model Penal Code approach

❧ The in-between standard

❧ Subjective or objective

❧ Criminal prosecutions for medical negligence

Chapter 14 Rape

A.

1.

2.

Threats of Force

3.

4.

5.

Statutory Rape and Lack of Capacity

B.

1.

State v. Jones

Notes & Questions on Force

2.

Threats of Force

Rusk v. State, 43 Md. App. 476 (1979)

Rusk v. State, 289 Md. 230 (1981)

Notes & Questions on Threats of Force

3.

Commonwealth v. Lopez

People v. Newton

Notes & Questions on Consent

4.

Boro v. Superior Court

Notes & Questions on Fraud

5.

Statutory Rape and Legal Barriers to Consent

State v. Hirschfelder

Notes & Questions on Barriers to Consent

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Affirmative consent

❧ Campus judicial codes

❧ The Model Penal Code responds

❧ Prosecutorial strategy

Chapter 15 Other Offenses Against the Person

A.

1.

Physical Battery

2.

3.

B.

1.

Physical Battery

People v. Peck

Notes & Questions on Physical Battery

2.

State v. Birthmark

State v. Boodoosingh

Notes & Questions on Assault

3.

Goolsby v. State

Notes & Questions on Kidnapping

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Anti-stalking statutes

❧ Reasonable apprehension and vagueness

❧ Custodial interference

Chapter 16 Theft

A.

1.

Unlawful Taking

2.

Fraud, Extortion, Blackmail, and Embezzlement

3.

4.

Intent to Deprive

5.

B.

1.

Unlawful Taking

State v. Carswell

Notes & Questions on Takings

2.

Fraud, Extortion, Blackmail, and Embezzlement

United States v. Villalobos

Notes & Questions on Fraud and Extortion

3.

Penley v. Commonwealth

Notes & Questions on Property

4.

Intent to Deprive Permanently

Marsh v. Commonwealth

Notes & Questions on Intent to Deprive

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Securities fraud

❧ Insider trading

PART III - Inchoate Offenses

Chapter 17 Attempt

A.

1.

Specific Intent or Purpose

2.

Distinguishing Attempts from Mere Preparation

3.

4.

B.

1.

Specific Intent or Purpose

People v. Gentry

Notes & Questions on Specific Intent and Purpose

2.

Distinguishing Attempts from Mere Preparation

People v. Rizzo

Notes & Questions on Dangerous Proximity

State v. Reeves

Notes & Questions on Substantial Step

3.

People v. Dlugash

State v. Smith

Notes & Questions on Impossibility

4.

Ross v. Mississippi

Notes & Questions on Abandonment

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Punishing attempts: why and how much

❧ Assault and battery

Chapter 18 Inchoate Conspiracy

A.

1.

Agreement to Commit Unlawful Act

2.

Specific Intent or Purpose

3.

The Overt Act Requirement

4.

5.

B.

1.

Agreement to Commit Unlawful Act

State v. Pacheco

Notes & Questions on Conspiratorial Agreements

2.

Specific Intent or Purpose

United States v. Valle

Notes & Questions on Specific Intent and Purpose

3.

Overt Act in Furtherance of the Conspiracy

United States v. Shabani

United States v. Abu Ghayth

Notes & Questions on Overt Acts

4.

Commonwealth v. Nee

Notes & Questions on Renunciation

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Common law origins

❧ Conspiracy and international law

❧ Distinguishing inchoate conspiracy from attempt

Chapter 19 Solicitation

A.

1.

Distinguishing Solicitation from Conspiracy

2.

Distinguishing Solicitation from Attempts

3.

Merger and Renunciation

B.

1.

Distinguishing Solicitation from Conspiracy

People v. Breton

Notes & Questions on Solicitation Versus Conspiracy

2.

Distinguishing Solicitation from Attempts

People v. Superior Court (Decker)

Notes & Questions on Solicitation Versus Attempts

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Undercover agents and defense arguments

❧ The inherent dangerousness of solicitations

PART IV - Modes of Liability

Chapter 20 Accomplices

A.

1.

Assistance or Support

2.

Purpose Versus Knowledge

3.

Natural and Probable Consequences Doctrine

4.

Innocent Instrumentality Rule

5.

B.

1.

Assisting the Principal Perpetrator

State v. V.T.

Notes & Questions on the Act Requirement

2.

Purpose Versus Knowledge

Rosemond v. United States

Notes & Questions on Purpose Versus Knowledge

3.

The Natural and Probable Consequences Doctrine

Waddington v. Sarausad

People v. Prettyman

Notes & Questions on Natural and Probable Consequences

4.

Innocent Instrumentality Rule

Bailey v. Commonwealth

Notes & Questions on Innocent Instrumentalities

5.

Standefer v. United States

Notes & Questions on Defenses

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Constitutional constraints on punishing accomplices

❧ Victims as accomplices

❧ Purpose versus knowledge in human rights

Chapter 21 Conspiracy Liability

A.

1.

Pinkerton Liability

2.

Scope of the Conspiracy

3.

Withdrawing from a Conspiracy

B.

1.

Pinkerton Liability

United States v. Alvarez

Notes & Questions on Pinkerton Liability

2.

Scope of the Conspiracy

People v. Bruno

Kotteakos v. United States

Notes & Questions on Conspiratorial Scope

3.

United States v. Schweihs

Notes & Questions on Withdrawal

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Conspiracy as procedure and substance

❧ Joint Criminal Enterprise

Chapter 22 Corporate Crime

A.

1.

Prosecuting Corporations

2.

Punishing Corporations

3.

Prosecuting Corporate Officers

B.

1.

Prosecuting Corporations

State v. Far West Water & Sewer Inc.

Notes & Questions on Corporate Liability

2.

Punishing Corporations

Principles of Federal Prosecution of Business Organizations

Notes & Questions on Corporate Punishment

3.

Prosecuting Corporate Officers

United States v. Park

Notes & Questions on Responsible Officers

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ State prosecutions

❧ Deferred prosecution agreements

❧ Waiving attorney-client privilege

PART V - Justifications & Excuses

Chapter 23 Self-Defense

A.

1.

Imminent Threat

2.

Necessity and the Duty to Retreat

3.

Reasonable Belief

4.

Imperfect Self-Defense

B.

1.

State v. Norman

Notes & Questions on Imminence

2.

Necessity and the Duty to Retreat

United States v. Peterson

People v. Riddle

Notes & Questions on Duty to Retreat

3.

Reasonable Belief

People v. Goetz

Notes & Questions on Reasonable Beliefs

4.

Imperfect Self-Defense

People v. Elmore

Notes & Questions on Imperfect Self-Defense

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Stand Your Ground laws

❧ Procedural immunity

❧ Battered Nation Syndrome

❧ Imminence in targeted killing

Chapter 24 Defensive Force by Police Officers

A.

1.

Constitutional Limits

2.

Civil Rights Violations

3.

State Statutes Governing Police Use of Force

B.

1.

Constitutional Limits

Scott v. Harris

Notes & Questions on Immediate Danger

2.

Civil Rights Violations

Report Regarding the Criminal Investigation into the Shooting Death of Michael Brown by Ferguson, Missouri Police Officer Darren Wilson

Notes & Questions on Objective Reasonableness

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Abandoning pursuit

❧ Body cameras

Chapter 25 Necessity

A.

1.

Utilitarian Balancing and “Choice of Evils”

2.

Defense to Murder

3.

Necessity and Prison Breaks

4.

Necessity and Civil Disobedience

B.

1.

Utilitarian Balancing and “Choice of Evils”

United States v. Ridner

Notes & Questions on Utilitarian Balancing

2.

Defense to Murder

The Queen v. Dudley & Stephens

Notes & Questions on Necessity and Murder

3.

Necessity and Prison Breaks

United States v. Bailey

Notes & Questions on Prison Breaks

4.

Necessity and Civil Disobedience

United States v. Schoon

Notes & Questions on Civil Disobedience

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Torture and terrorism

❧ Torture and human dignity

❧ Hijacked airliners and human dignity

Chapter 26 Duress

A.

1.

Threats That Vitiate Autonomy

2.

The Severity of the Threat

3.

Defense to Murder

4.

Recklessness in Creating the Threat

B.

1.

Threats That Vitiate Autonomy

Dixon v. United States

United States v. Contento-Pachon

Notes & Questions on Duress and Autonomy

2.

The Severity of the Threat

Commonwealth v. DeMarco

Notes & Questions on Reasonable Firmness

3.

Defense to Murder

People v. Anderson

Notes & Questions on Duress and Murder

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Duress and atrocity

Chapter 27 Intoxication

A.

1.

Negating Mens Rea

2.

Eliminating the Defense of Voluntary Intoxication

3.

Involuntary Intoxication

B.

1.

Negating Mens Rea

State v. Brown

Notes & Questions on Negating Mens Rea

2.

Eliminating the Intoxication Defense

Montana v. Egelhoff

Notes & Questions on Eliminating the Defense

3.

Involuntary Intoxication

People v. Garcia

Notes & Questions on Involuntary Intoxication

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Grand schemers

❧ The “separate offense” solution

❧ Strategic charging and trial decisions

Chapter 28 Insanity

A.

1.

The Cognitive Test

2.

The Irresistible Impulse Test

3.

The Model Penal Code Substantial Capacity Test

4.

The Definition of Wrongfulness

5.

Diminished Capacity

B.

1.

The Cognitive Test

Sanders v. State

Notes & Questions on the Cognitive Test

2.

Irresistible Impulse Test

Pollard v. United States

Notes & Questions on Irresistible Impulses

3.

The Model Penal Code Substantial Capacity Test

United States v. Freeman

Notes & Questions on Substantial Capacity

4.

The Definition of Wrongfulness

State v. Crenshaw

Notes & Questions on Wrongfulness

5.

Diminished Capacity

Clark v. Arizona

Notes & Questions on Diminished Capacity

C.

Practice & Policy

❧ Separate insanity phase

❧ Guilty but mentally ill (GBMI) plea

❧ Too crazy to plead insanity

❧ The medical model to criminal insanity

Model Penal Code